Frequency of risk factors for breast cancer

[awaissabir2000@yahoo.com] To evaluate the frequency of risk factors for breast cancer. Main outcome measures were the above-mentioned risk factors in 50 diagnosed cases of breast cancer. Descriptive study. Surgical Unit-III, Nishter Hospital Multan. 50 female patients with proven diagnosis of breast cancer were evaluated with special emphasis on etiological risk factors. Findings were recorded in the proforma and results obtained were compared with national and international studies. 60% patients were in age group of 35-55 years, 50% had age of menarche 11 years, age of first full term pregnancy was between 15-25 years in 64% cases 60% patients belonged to lower middle class. 8% patients had family history of breast cancer. 56% patients had age at menopause above 50 years. No patient gave past history of breast cancer. It was concluded that in area of Multan, breast cancer is more common in patients having age between 35-55 years, early age of menarche, lower middle socio-economic status and late menopause

Risk factors in the causation of duodenal ulcer perforation in region of Southern Punjab

Despite the wide spread use of gastric antisecretory agents and eradication therapy, the incidence of perforation of duodenal ulcer remains more or less the same [5 10%]. There are certain well-defined risk factors that indicate, an increased liability to develop the disease The association of various probable risk factors such as H. Pylon, inadequate dietary intake, smoking, alcohol, ABO blood group and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been studied. To evaluate the probable risk factors for perforation of duodenal ulcer, highlighting any prevalent one in the occurrence of perforation in our region. Study design:-Descriptive/Retrospective study. 3[rd] surgical unit Nishter Hospital Multan. Subjects:-All the patients having DU perforation were included. 62 patients with DU perforation were evaluated with special emphasis on etiological risk factors. Findings were recorded in the proforma and results obtained were compared with national and international studies. Stress, Smoking, NSAIDs and H. Pylori are the important factors in the causation of duodenal ulcer perforation. In our series stress is involved in 80% of cases. Followed by smoking [69%], H. Pylon [64%] and NSAIDs [55%]. Stress, smoking; H-Pylon infection and NSAIDS abuse are the factors in southern Punjab which cause perforation of duodenal ulcer

Application of alvarado scoring system in diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Appendicitis is an important differential diagnosis in patients with right iliac fossa pain. Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies with a life time prevalence of approximately 1 in 7[2]. To analyze the Alvarado score in relation to the diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis. This study was carried out in Surgical Unit III, Nishtar Medical College/hospital Multan. The study period was from January 2003 to December 2005. Sample size consisted of 100 patients. All these patients presented in A and E department Nishtar Medical College. Hospital Multan. Patients of any age group and both genders presenting to the emergency department with pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen were included in the study. Patients with presentation of urological, gynecological or surgical problems other than appendicitis and especially patients with mass in right iliac fossa were excluded from the study. Only 11 patients had increased severity of symptoms with score 7 or more on reevaluation with in first 24 hours. These 11 patients underwent appendicectomy. Operative findings and histopathological reports showed that 6 patients had inflammed appendix and the remaining 5 patients had normal appendix. Total number of surgeries performed in our study was 73 [73%]. Among these patients 42 were males and 31 were female. Operative findings and histopathological reports showed that 64 patients [87.68%] had inflammed appendix. Negative appendicectomy rate in our study was 12.32%. In our study we found the positive predictive value for Alvarado Score is 87%. The Alvarado score can be used as an objective criterion in selecting patients for admission. Its application improves diagnostic accuracy and consequently reduces negative exploration and complication rates